Науковий вісник НГУ

Improving accuracy of dual-purpose nylon parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling

• 
• 

User Rating:  / 0

PoorBest 

Details

Category: Content №6 2025

Last Updated on 25 December 2025

Published on 30 November -0001

Hits: 1813

Authors:

L. Tumarchenko*, orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-7475, National University “Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic”, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Ye. Vyshnepolskyi, orcid.org/0000-0002-8048-7976, National University “Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic”, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

D. Pavlenko, orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-2879, National University “Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic”, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

*Corresponding author e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

повний текст / full article

Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu. 2025, (6): 088 - 097

https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2025-6/088

Abstract:

Purpose. To analyze the dependence of the dimensional accuracy of polyamide 6 (Nylon 6, PA6) parts on the process parameters of additive manufacturing using fused deposition modeling (FDM) to ensure rapid repair of military and mining equipment in field conditions.

Methodology. The samples were fabricated using FDM method on a Prusa i3-type 3D printer, with G-code generated via Slic3rPE software. The material used in the study was Plexiwire Nylon (PA6) Filament ∅1.75 mm, compliant with ISO/ASTM 52903-1:2020. The study investigated the relationship between the technological parameters of the FDM process and the dimensional accuracy of the resulting parts. The following parameters were analyzed: layer height, printing speed, extrusion temperature, bed temperature, extrusion multiplier, deposited strand width, number of shells, infill pattern, infill density and number of solid top and bottom layers. The influence of these parameters on dimensional stability was assessed by measuring the linear dimensions “a”, “b” and “c” in the respective coordinate planes “X”, “Y” and “Z”. The criterion for evaluating dimensional accuracy was the relative deviation of the measured dimensions from their nominal values. Experimental data were processed using TIBCO STATISTICA software to identify the most influential factors and the nature of their interactions.

Findings. It was established that the extrusion multiplier, infill density and infill pattern had the greatest influence on the dimensional accuracy of the printed parts. For the “Y ” axis, the optimal parameters were extrusion multiplier of 1.1, printing speed of 40 mm/s, 100 % infill density, rectilinear infill pattern, deposited strand width of 0.49 mm, 4 shells and bed temperature of 100 °C. For the “X” and “Z” axes, the optimal parameters included an extrusion multiplier of 0.9, layer height of 0.15 mm and concentric infill pattern. Regression models were developed to predict the dimensional accuracy of parts along the three principal coordinate axes based on the selected process parameters.

Originality. Optimal combinations of FDM printing parameters for improving the dimensional accuracy of Nylon 6 parts suitable for use in field conditions were identified. The significant role of individual parameters in determining accuracy along specific coordinate axes was demonstrated.

Practical value. The proposed technological recommendations enable the production of functional replacement parts without the need for stationary repair facilities. This allows for the rapid repair of military and mining equipment using portable 3D printers in remote or hard-to-access locations, ensuring high dimensional accuracy, wear resistance, and functionality of the printed components.

Keywords: fused deposition modeling, PA6, accuracy, process parameters, analysis of variance, regression analysis

References.

1. Kim, M., Kim, S., & Ahn, N. (2019). Study of rifle maintenance and parts supply via 3d printing technology during wartime. Procedia Manufacturing, 39, 1510-1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.01.297

2. Rautio, S., & Valtonen, I. (2022). Supporting military maintenance and repair with additive manufacturing. Journal of Military Studies, 11(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0003

3. Binar, T., Vasikova, S., Safl, P., Talar, J., & Kutil, R. (2023). Evaluation of 3d printing use for multinational armed forces logistic processes in crisis situations. Transactions of FAMENA, 47(4), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.21278/TOF.474047622

4. Goh, G. D., Agarwala, S., Goh, G. L., Dikshit, V., Sing, S. L., & Yeong, W. Y. (2017). Additive manufacturing in unmanned aerial vehicles (Uavs): Challenges and potential. Aerospace Science and Technology, 63, 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.12.019

5. Jæger, B., Wiklund, F., & Halse, L. L. (2023). Additive manufacturing: A case study of introducing additive manufacturing of spare parts. В. E. Alfnes, A. Romsdal, J. O. Strandhagen, G. Von Cieminski, & D. Romero (Eds.). Advances in Production Management Systems. Production Management Systems for Responsible Manufacturing, Service, and Logistics Futures, 690, (pp. 605-616). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43666-6_41

6. Mrówka, M., Szymiczek, M., & Lenża, J. (2019). Thermoplastic polyurethanes for mining application processing by 3D printing. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 1(95), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7620

7. Berman, B. (2012). 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business Horizons, 55(2), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor. 2011.11.003

8. Zhang, X., Fan, W., & Liu, T. (2020). Fused deposition modeling 3D printing of polyamide-based composites and its applications. Composites Communications, 21, 100413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100413

9. Jia, Y., He, H., Peng, X., Meng, S., Chen, J., & Geng, Y. (2017). Preparation of a new filament based on polyamide-6 for three-dimensional printing. Polymer Engineering & Science, 57(12), 1322-1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24515

10.      Peng, X., He, H., Jia, Y., Liu, H., Geng, Y., Huang, B., & Luo, C. (2019). Shape memory effect of three-dimensional printed products based on polypropylene/nylon 6 alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 54(12), 9235-9246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03366-2

11.      Singh, R., & Singh, S. (2014). Development of nylon based fdm filament for rapid tooling application. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), Series C, 95(2), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-014-0108-2

12.      Li, H., Zhang, S., Yi, Z., Li, J., Sun, A., Guo, J., & Xu, G. (2017). Bonding quality and fracture analysis of polyamide 12 parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 23(6), 973-982. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2016-0033

13.      Liao, G., Li, Z., Cheng, Y., Xu, D., Zhu, D., Jiang, S., Guo, J., …, & Zhu, Y. (2018). Properties of oriented carbon fiber/polyamide 12 composite parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling. Materials & Design, 139, 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.027

14.      Vishwas, M., Basavaraj, C. K., & Vinyas, M. (2018). Experimental investigation using taguchi method to optimize process parameters of fused deposition modeling for abs and nylon materials. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(2), 7106-7114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.375

15.      Stansbury, J. W., & Idacavage, M. J. (2016). 3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities. Dental Materials, 32(1), 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.09.018

16.      Liao, G., Li, Z., Luan, C., Wang, Z., Yao, X., & Fu, J. (2022). Additive manufacturing of polyamide 66: Effect of process parameters on crystallinity and mechanical properties. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 31(1), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06149-6

17.      Tuan Rahim, T. N. A., Md Akil, H., Abdullah, A. M., Moha­mad, D., & Ahmad Rajion, Z. (2019). Optimization of the 3d printing parameters on dimensional accuracy and surface finishing for new polyamide 6 and its composite used in fused deposition modeling (Fdm) process/tuan noraihan azila tuan rahim... [et al.]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering (JMechE), SI, 4(2), 75-90.

18.      Lay, M., Thajudin, N. L. N., Hamid, Z. A. A., Rusli, A., Abdullah, M. K., & Shuib, R. K. (2019). Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of PLA, ABS and nylon 6 fabricated using fused deposition modeling and injection molding. Composites Part B: Engineering, 176, 107341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107341

19.      Hasçelik, S., Öztürk, Ö. T., & Özerinç, S. (2021). Mechanical properties of nylon parts produced by fused deposition modeling. https://doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2021.13.2.34

20.      Ramesh, M., & Panneerselvam, K. (2021). Mechanical investigation and optimization of parameter selection for Nylon material processed by FDM. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 9303-9307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.697

21.      Vyshnepolskyi, Y., Pavlenko, D., Tkach, D., & Dvirnyk, Y. (2020). Parts diamond burnishing process regimes optimization made of inconel 718 alloy via selective laser sintering method. 2020 IEEE 10 ^th International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP), 02SAMA01-1-02SAMA01-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAP51477.2020.9309661

22.      Tumarchenko, L., Vyshnepolskyi, Y., & Pavlenko, D. (2025). Effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of nylon parts in additive manufacturing. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, (2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2025-2/121

• < Prev
• Next >